The generation and transmission of force from muscle tissue to the bone involves several factors, including the muscle extracellular matrix (ECM). 5–7 Over the past decade, evidence has indicated that rapidly digestible, high-quality protein sources (ie, those containing high essential amino acid concentrations, such as dairy and other animal-derived proteins) are effective in stimulating postprandial mixed muscle protein synthesis and can facilitate training-induced increases in muscle mass and strength. 3, 4 The combined effects of exercise and sufficient dietary-protein provision support muscle conditioning, allowing greater gains in muscle mass and strength after prolonged resistance-type exercise training. When combined, exercise and protein ingestion can increase muscle protein synthesis rates by as much as 100%. 2 A single bout of exercise sensitizes skeletal muscle tissue to the anabolic properties of ingested protein. Dietary-protein ingestion leads to a rapid increase in plasma amino acid concentrations, thereby increasing mixed muscle protein synthesis rates by 40%–50%. 1 Physical activity and food ingestion are the main anabolic stimuli for muscle tissue. Skeletal muscle tissue is in a constant state of remodeling, with mixed muscle protein turnover rates of between 1% and 2% per day. This literature review provides a comprehensive evaluation of the current knowledge on the proposed benefits of dietary collagen consumption to stimulate connective tissue remodeling to improve health and functional performance. Dietary collagen contains large amounts of glycine and proline and, therefore, has been proposed to provide the precursors required to facilitate connective tissue protein synthesis. The absence of an increase in muscle connective tissue protein synthesis after protein ingestion may be explained by insufficient provision of glycine and/or proline. In contrast, recent evidence demonstrates that protein ingestion does not increase muscle connective tissue protein synthesis. High-quality, rapidly digestible proteins are generally considered the preferred protein source to maximally stimulate myofibrillar (contractile) protein synthesis rates. Dietary-protein ingestion increases muscle protein synthesis rates. Connective tissue proteins are in a constant state of remodeling and have been shown to express a high level of plasticity. For skeletal muscle, extracellular connective tissue transmits contractile force to the tendons and bones. Collagen is the central structural component of extracellular connective tissue, which provides elastic qualities to tissues.
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